Sep 14, 2025 ~ Ben Shapiro, 'The Assassination Of Charlie Kirk And The Fight For America’s Soul' Charlie Kirk, the founder of Turning Point USA was shot and killed by Tyler Robinson while Kirk was in the middle of one of his signature question/answer session with college kids, this one at Utah Valley University. Robinson came from a Republican family but became a radicalized leftist in online forums like reddit and discord. His friends and family confirmed that not only had he become very left wing, he developed a hatred for Charlie Kirk, perhaps partly due to Kirk's views on transgenderism. Robinson was dating a trans-identifying male at the time and pulled the trigger just as Kirk started to answer a question related to trans people. Robinson wrote left-wing anti-fascist messages on the bullets like “Hey fascist, catch,” and "Bella ciao," (a reference to a song favored by resistance movements and revolutionary anti-capitalist partisans).
For years, Republicans have been warning that constant, BS accusations from Democrats of Trump being Hitler and Republicans being Nazis and fascists would radicalize some dummy stupid enough to believe their Holocaust denying lies. They have learned nothing from Kirk's killing. They are still calling Republicans Nazis and fascists. A few days ago a bunch of Democrats chanted "You're the Hitler of our time," while Trump tried to have dinner at a restaurant. They will never change. Massive numbers of them are also celebrating Kirk's killing and many are literally naming the next people who should be targeted.
The first warning sign was when Luigi Maggione became their hero. Now they are very open about their desire to kill people on the right for saying things that they don't like. One of countless examples, performer Bob Vylan said, "I want to dedicate this next one to an absolute piece of shit of a human being. The pronouns was/were. [Because] if you talk shit, you will get banged. Rest in piss Charlie Kirk, you piece of shit." His audience cheered. They are very open about their desire to see us dead. Its a sad new world... [Ben Shapiro, Guns-Mass Shootings, Holocaust Denial, Loathsome Left, Violent Left]
Aug 9, 2025 ~ 'Hamas Understands the Myopia and Moral Imbecility of the West'
"The U.K., France and Canada, in an effort to demonstrate their supposed moral rectitude and to placate their large radical Muslim minorities, announced that they would forthwith support the creation of a Palestinian state. That announcement immediately scuttled the impending deal between Israel and Hamas, giving Hamas what it wanted on a silver platter. This conclusion was openly touted by Hamas official Ghazi Hamad, who bragged, 'The initiative by several countries to recognize a Palestinian state is one of the fruits of October 7.'" What a bunch of total fools. Not only did they just reward Oct 7 and stop the peace that was about to happen, they worst of all guaranteed that there will be more attacks in the future just like Oct 7th because these fools just proved that its the way for terrorists like Hamas to get what they want. [Ben Shapiro, Islam, Israel, Loathsome Left, Terrorism, Western Civilization]
Jul 9, 2025 ~ "From Words To Bullets: The Cost Of Calling ICE ‘Nazis’"
"We have seen a massive spike in the number of attacks on ICE agents over the course of the last six months, since President Trump took office and decided we were actually going to enforce our border."
"The language currently being used by the Left with regard to ICE or Border Patrol is extraordinary. It sets up a permission structure that causes people who are unhinged to take their behavior to the next level. In the same way, if you keep saying President Donald Trump is Hitler, at some point, someone might take you seriously and go and try to kill Hitler."
"You don’t get to simply call the people who are enforcing the law 'Nazis' and 'Gestapo agents' and then act surprised when people attack the supposed Nazis and Gestapo in our midst." [Ben Shapiro, Holocaust Denial, Illegal Immigration, Loathsome Left, Politics, Violent Left]
Jun 28, 2025 ~ "Mamdani's Long List of Giveaways: 'Free' Gender Transitions, Bus Fare, and Child Care" A literal socialist who hates capitalism and Jews just won the NYC Democratic Primary proving Democrats are getting even more far left crazy. His list of giveaways would bankrupt any economy. He's promising citywide rent control despite rent control's history of destroying parts of that city. Government run grocery stores FFS. $65 million for taxpayer funded 'gender transitions.'
Ben Shapiro explains it thusly: "I think the most important thing here to remember is that young Democrats are basically sixth-grade voters in your middle-school election. If you ever ran for student body president in middle school, you will remember that if you ran a normal campaign pledging, for example, that you were going to clean up the gym better, and then some kid came in and said, 'I pledge free ice cream and no homework for everyone,' all the kids voted for that idiot." [Ben Shapiro, Economics, Ocasionomics, Socialism]
May 26, 2025 ~ 'Trump’s Saudi Triumph' "President Trump is not an isolationist. He’s never been an isolationist. I’ll tell you what isolationists don’t do: sell $150 billion worth of military weaponry to the Saudis. They don’t fly to Saudi Arabia and Qatar to cut billions of dollars’ worth of business deals. You know what else isolationists don’t do? Try to broker accords between Syria and the Saudis and Qatar and the Turks, and Israel." Trump got all of that accomplished and more but all Democrats want to focus on is their claim that Qatar giving a 747 to the US violates the Emoluments Clause of the constitution. It does not because the gift is to the United States, not to Trump. As always (like with the Houthi victory), Democrats ignore the victories to focus on nonsense. [Ben Shapiro, Trump Win]
Feb 23, 2025 ~ 'The True Faces Of Evil' Ben Shapiro explains again why the Palestinians are true evil. Regarding the Bibas family, "they mutilated the bodies to make it look as though they were not, in fact, beaten or strangled to death. Remember, they were taken by people not in Hamas uniforms. They were taken by Gazan civilians. This is what evil sounds like. True evil.
There’s no other word for it. There are no synonyms that do justice to the barbarity, cruelty, and horror of what this ideology generates. So Hamas was supposed to release the bodies of these children they had murdered along with their mother in exchange for live terrorists.
One party is seeking to bring back the dead bodies, the corpses of children who were murdered. The other is celebrating the release of terrorists who murdered children. This is the moral logic being utilized. Not all cultures are the same. Not all people think the same way. Not all people inculcate the same values in their children.
That is a stupid, idiotic, foolish, counterproductive, and dangerous Western conceit." [Anti-Semitism, Ben Shapiro, Islam, Israel, Terrorism]
Dec 9, 2024 ~ 'The Milei Revolution' "Between 1980 and 2023, Argentina was one of the few countries in the West that saw a relative decrease in living standard."
"Finally, the Argentine people had enough. They elected as president Javier Milei, an audacious and magnetic Austrian school economist dedicated to free markets. 'Viva la libertad, carajo!' he shouted while wielding a chainsaw -- signifying proposed cuts to government spending -- on the campaign trail. As Milei told the arrogant interventionists at Davos, 'Economic freedom, limited government and unlimited respect for private property are essential elements for economic growth. The impoverishment produced by collectivism is not a fantasy, nor is it an inescapable fate. It's a reality that we Argentines know very well.'"
"And the results are nothing short of astonishing. While shouting 'afuera!' he has cut the number of ministries from 18 to eight, fired members of the bloated public sector en masse and dumped the corrupt intermediaries in the welfare system. He has slashed the budget by 32%, brought a fiscal surplus for the first time in years, and brought inflation down from a month-on-month rate of 25% to 2%. The stock market has skyrocketed; investors are once again looking at Argentina as a target for their money." [Ben Shapiro, Economics, Economy, Politics, Socialism]
Jul 28, 2024 ~ 'The Coronation Is Complete' Shortly after Biden dropped out of the 2024 election, Harris is declared to be the candidate. Many Democrats are asking "Who voted for her?!?" The party that imagines it is saving democracy won't have a vote on it. #BLM says, "We do not live in a dictatorship. Delegates are not oligarchs. Any attempt to evade or override the will of voters in our primary system-must be condemned. We demand an informal, virtual snap primary now that the incumbent president is no longer in the running." [Ben Shapiro, BLM, Harris, Politics]
Jul 5, 2024 ~ 'Wait, Can Donald Trump Drone His Political Enemies Now?' Democrats hyperventilate over the SCOTUS presidential immunity decision. They just clarified that the president has immunity for official acts but not for unofficial acts. Common sense. Obama droned an American citizen he thought was a terrorist for example. But Democrats led by Justice Sotomayor claim the ruling allows the president to commit any crime including ordering Seal Team 6 to kill political opponents. This is total madness as usual from them. Bill Barr (and other legal minds blast this nonsensical interpretation.) "He has the right to go and tell the Department of Justice to investigate something, but an example used by Justice Sotomayor was, ‘Oh, then he can fabricate evidence, give the evidence to the department, and use that evidence to indict them.’ He doesn’t have authority to fabricate evidence. That’s not carrying out an executive function. And the worst example, I think — the one that makes no sense whatsoever is that he can use SEAL Team 6 to kill a political opponent. The president has the authority to defend the country against foreign enemies — armed conflict and so forth. He has the authority to direct the justice system against criminals at home. He doesn’t have the authority to go and assassinate people." [Ben Shapiro, SCOTUS]
Jun 29, 2024 ~ 'Trump Crushes Corpse Biden In Disaster Debate' Biden's dementia and confusion was on full display in the debate with Trump. His answers were incoherent and nonsensical. The nation was horrified. Democrats are panicking. Many calling for him to step down. [Ben Shapiro, Biden, Politics]
Jun 1, 2024 ~ 'Trump Found Guilty. Pray For The Republic' "The actual methodology by which he was found guilty is utterly uncertain. The reality is there were two crimes alleged: a misdemeanor falsification of business records — which would not have resulted in any possible jail time — but to become a felony that was reliant on other unspecified crimes. And those crimes could have been a violation of federal finance law — except that Donald Trump clearly did not violate federal finance law. Not only that, the federal government never even bothered to charge him with violating federal finance law, federal election law in 2016. Check your calendar. It is currently 2024, and the case that New York just made is effectively that Donald Trump violated election law in 2016 and falsified business records in 2017. Somehow, despite the fact that the statute of limitations has run already, this is now a class E felony in the state of New York, lengthening the statute of limitations. The number of hoops they had to jump through in order to manufacture this case, is extraordinary. The number of pretzel-like contortions the prosecution had to drag the jury through was extraordinary. This is a thwarting of basic standards of democracy; To take a political opponent on trumped-up charges, find him guilty, and then throw him in jail for purposes of the election, is insanity. It is third-world crap. It is insanity. You’ve got all the same people crying, 'Trump will be a tyrant. Trump will undermine the rule of law. We cannot have a country with Donald Trump, who will certainly destroy democracy.' It is hard for me to think of anything less democratic than trumping up a charge on your political opponent to jail him during an election cycle. Especially when the candidate on your side is losing, which is what Joe Biden is doing right now." [Ben Shapiro, Loathsome Left, Politics, Lawfare]
Mar 20, 2024 ~ Ben Shapiro, 'The Dems Try To Bankrupt Trump. It’s Incredibly Ugly.' "Attorney General Letitia James came into office pledging to target Trump, which prosecutors should not do. One does not go into office vowing to target 'that guy.'... If a specific person is targeted, then that looks very much like malicious and selective prosecution, which is exactly what James was doing. She prosecuted Trump in this New York court for the great crime of supposedly inflating the value of his real estate assets in obtaining loans from the bank.
There was no allegation the banks that gave the loans were actually damaged. In fact, they all got their money back. Instead, the allegation is that by inflating the price of the real estate, inflating his assets, somehow Trump had perpetrated a fraud against the people of New York despite there being zero damages.
Then, a judgment was brought down of nearly half a billion dollars, which is totally insane. Of all the cases that have been brought against President Trump, this one is by far the most insane. The judgment is completely off-kilter. The insanity of using a statute like this in order to bankrupt someone for no damages is totally crazy."
"This is purely an attempt by James to bankrupt Trump. That is all. This is an attempt to bankrupt him so as to forestall his ability to pay his legal bills in other legal cases. Of all the cases brought against Trump, this is the one that is most obviously malicious prosecution. It is deeply malicious. The judge in this case, Arthur Engoron, is a political actor. He’s a clown. He made a clown out of himself in the courtroom. Letitia James is a clown." [Ben Shapiro, Loathsome Left, Politics, Lawfare]
Nov 9, 2023 ~ Ben Shapiro @benshapiro says Rep. Tliab @RepRashida being brown (and thus in the 'oppressed' category of #CRT) "means that she can spout blood libels; she still maintains Israel bombed a hospital in Gaza, despite all evidence to the contrary. It means she can call for the utter destruction of the state of Israel, pushing the slogan 'from the river to the sea' — and the genocide that inevitably entails. It means she can blame Israel for Hamas’ attack on Israeli civilians, while claiming moral equivalence between a group who burns babies alive and a group who attempts to avoid civilian casualties. It means she can spend her career hobnobbing with open terror supporters. It means that she can claim, falsely, that Israel is engaged in 'genocide.'" [Anti-Semitism, Ben Shapiro, Islam, Israel, Terrorism]
May 22, 2022 ~ Lefty child embarrasses himself trying to debate @benshapiro on gender. As soon as his point is refuted, the fool says "You sound like a bozo bro. And you get no pussy and you can’t even get your wife wet." The left truly has nothing. Which is why they are so desperate to censor. [Ben Shapiro, College, Gender, Loathsome Left, Trans]
May 22, 2022 ~ .@benshapiro debunks the Dem lie that there's an 'epidemic' of trans murders. "Non trans are killed at an exponentially higher rate than trans. 20k out of 330M vs. 57 out of 20M. I reviewed all 57 trans killings... A significant majority were not killings because they were trans" [Ben Shapiro, Fake News, Trans]
Nov 20, 2021 ~ Ben Shapiro, 'The Narrative Is the Priority' The #FakeNews lies all the time "in order to achieve political utopia for the Left." Kyle Rittenhouse, Jacob Blake, most #BLM protests, the Russia Hoax, Smollett, other hate crime hoaxes, Kavanaugh, the Covington Kids and on and on. [Ben Shapiro, BLM, Covington, Fake Hate Crime, Fake News, Fake Racism, Kavanaugh, Kyle Rittenhouse, Russia Hoax, Smollett]
Nov 19, 2021 ~ Ben Shapiro on the Kyle Rittenhouse trial and #FakeNews: "Young white man goes to city to defend private property against rioters, shoots three white people trying to kill him. Wrongfully prosecuted, correctly acquitted. Media: This is evidence that America hates black people." [Ben Shapiro, BLM, Fake News, Fake Racism, Kyle Rittenhouse]
Jun 23, 2021 ~ Ben Shapiro, "Those who promote the utterly un-evidenced lie that America is rife with voter suppression -- and this would include nearly every Democrat and the entire establishment media -- are undermining democracy." Democrats always lie. Their lies usually harm the country. [Ben Shapiro, Loathsome Left, Voter Integrity Laws]
Jun 16, 2021 ~ Ben Shapiro, 'How Blue City Governance Is Destroying Blue Cities' Reclassified nonviolent theft up to $950 as a misdemeanor is causing massive theft which is causing the businesses to leave in droves. Defunding the police is causing huge spikes in violent and non-violent crime. [Ben Shapiro, Crime, Loathsome Left, Police]
Apr 28, 2021 ~ Ben Shapiro, 'The Circular Logic of Systemic Racism' MN AG Keith Ellison admits, "We don't have any evidence that Derek Chauvin factored in George Floyd's race as he did what he did." Studies: 'Police officers are less likely to kill blacks than whites in similar circumstances.' [Ben Shapiro, Fake Racism, George Floyd, Police]
Apr 3, 2021 ~ Ben Shapiro, 'Why I Left California' Too many reasons to summarize but its a basic cautionary tale for the rest of the country of what happens when liberal democrats will destroy any place. They will make it unlivable with insane taxes, debt, regulations, crime, homelessness etc. [Ben Shapiro, California, Crime, Debt, Regulations, Taxes]
Nov 17, 2020 ~ Ben Shapiro, "When 'Unity' Means 'Shut the Hell Up'" 'unless he's willing to cross the aisle and recognize the humanity of those with whom he disagrees, and to call out those on his own side who won't, Biden's term is likely to be contentious, polarizing and … unsuccessful.' [Ben Shapiro, Loathsome Left]
Nov 1, 2020 ~ Ben Shapiro on #CancelCulture: Democrats claim 'that to dissent from the prevailing Leftist line is racist, sexist, and homophobic.' This 'forces silence at risk of loss of friends and family. It demands compliance with ever-changing woke standards on penalty of firing.' [Ben Shapiro, Cancel Culture, Fake Homophobia, Fake Racism, Fake Sexism]
Oct 20, 2020 ~ President Trump gets the endorsement of @benshapiro who did not vote for him in 2016. Shapiro admits he was 'simply wrong about Donald Trump on policy.' and 'Most importantly, the Democrats have lost their [bleeping] minds.' The top of WhatHappened.com said this first. [#WalkAway, Ben Shapiro, Trump Win]
Oct 14, 2020 ~ .@benshapiro debunked the Democrat lie that confirming ACB goes against 'norms'. 'There have been 19 times where a seat became vacant in an election year and both the presidency and Senate were controlled by the same party, resulting in 17 judicial confirmations.' It's 100% legit [Ben Shapiro, SCOTUS]
Sep 9, 2020 ~ Ben Shapiro, 'The Democrats Pick the Criminal' Almost every time, Dems side with a criminal attacking the police instead of the police defending their own lives. Biden and Harris meet with Jacob Blake's family. Harris says she's 'proud' of Blake. Said Michael Brown was 'murdered' [Ben Shapiro, Biden, Crime, Harris, Loathsome Left, Police]
Aug 26, 2020 ~ Ben Shapiro, 'Democrats Push Charges of Racism for Purposes of Convenience' Kamala Harris accused Joe Biden of being a racist in the debates and later admitted she was just trying to score debate points. 'It was a debate!' Charges of racism are a weapon, don't have to be true. [Fake Racism, Ben Shapiro]
Aug 17, 2020 ~ Ben Shapiro, on Israel deal 'The region has changed for the better. In more honest times, Trump administration officials who brokered this breakthrough would be up for the Nobel Peace Prize' 'The first important breakthrough in the Middle East in three decades just took place.' [Trump Win, Ben Shapiro, Israel]
Aug 13, 2020 ~ Ben Shapiro, 'The Israel-UAE deal is a complete repudiation of... Peace in the region is dependent on Israeli concessions to Palestinians,' 'The only Arab interests are those that align with Palestinian interests' 'Pressure on Israel by the West is a precondition to peace.' [Ben Shapiro, Israel]
Aug 12, 2020 ~ Ben Shapiro, 'Joe Biden's Awful Vice Presidential Pick' endorsed 'Medicare for All banning private health care plans, would use executive orders to ban 'assault weapons, would ban fracking, rudely attacked Kavanaugh, locked up many for marijuana, then laughed about smoking it. [Ben Shapiro, Biden, Politics, Harris]
Jul 15, 2020 ~ Ben Shapiro, 'Safety Lies Only in Surrender ... or Resistance' With people being canceled hourly by standards that change daily, that 'leaves those who wish to not be purged with two simple choices: stand up together against this round of Maoist purification, or hang separately.' [Ben Shapiro, Cancel Culture]
Jun 20, 2020 ~ Ben Shapiro calls out what he calls the 'incredible racism' of The Chicago Sun-Times because they will now capitalize the 'B' in Black and Brown, i.e. 'Black and Brown communities' but will continue to use a lowercase 'w' when talking about white people. No possible justification [Racism, Fake News, Ben Shapiro]
May 6, 2020 ~ Ben Shapiro notes the majority of COVID19 deaths have been in nursing homes. He describes a strategy created by Israeli scientists that protects the elderly while allowing herd immunity to develop among the rest. Would reduce mortality by >40%, ICU need by >60% and time to open. [Covid19, Ben Shapiro]
Apr 25, 2020 ~ The Syracuse University Student Association passed a resolution trying to silence Ben Shaprio. Again. They condemn his alleged white supremacy, 'hate speech', 'racism, homophobia, transphobia, ableism, classism, and xenophobia.' All charges are totally absurd and fake as usual. [Ben Shapiro, Fake Racism, Fake Homophobia, Fake Xenophobia, College, Silencing]
Apr 1, 2020 ~ Ben Shapiro, 'Stop Pretending Pandemic Politics Are the New Norm' Conservatives, libertarians don't advocate NO Government. 'The government is a giant, lumbering idiot. Sometimes we need a giant, lumbering idiot. Almost always, we do not.' Needed in a crisis, harmful otherwise. [Ben Shapiro, Covid19, Politics]
Feb 19, 2020 ~ Ben Shapiro, 'Michael Bloomberg and the Politics of Money'. Great point about all the democrat candidates complaining about Bloomberg 'buying' the nomination or the election. At least he's using his own money! The rest of them are buying votes with YOUR money or borrowed money. [Violent Left, Loathsome Left, Silencing, Free Speech, Ben Shapiro]
Nov 27, 2019 ~ Ben Shapiro, 'Pete Buttigieg's Big Mistake: Telling the Truth' Referring to Michael Harriot article in The Root, 'Pete Buttigieg Is a Lying MF'. The 'lie' was that 'not all educational outcome disparities between blacks and whites are attributable to systemic racism.' [Fake Racism, Ben Shapiro]
Nov 10, 2019 ~ Left wing protestors at Stanford University chant over Ben Shapiro's speech. 'Hey hey ho ho, Ben Shapiro's got to go!' They advertised for the 'Ben B Gon' protest. 'Please wear black if possible'. The left despises free speech. The refuse to allow any unauthorized speaking! [Cancel Culture, Silencing, College, Loathsome Left, Ben Shapiro]
Sep 30, 2019 ~ Intolerant and violent leftists circulate a petition to try to ban a Ben Shapiro speech at Boston University. Falsely call him a 'racist hatemonger'. University responds by moving the talk to a much smaller location and charging $13K for security. Typical that security is needed. [Violent Left, Silencing, Fake Racism, Ben Shapiro]
Sep 3, 2019 ~ Ben Shapiro, 'one of the reasons why President Trump is president is because everybody who happens to be even slightly right-of-center is tired, sick of being labeled a white supremacist. They're tired of being labeled racist... simply because they disagree with Nancy Pelosi.' [Fake Racism, Ben Shapiro]
Aug 7, 2019 ~ Ben Shapiro asks 'Why Can't We Unify in the Face of Evil?' Because dems insist on pushing this false but politically useful narrative that the only reason you could disagree with them on the border or gun control is because you are an evil white supremacist terrorist sympathizer. [Loathsome Left, Fake Racism, Ben Shapiro]
Jun 25, 2019 ~ Project Veritas further proves Google wants to shut down right wing speech by falsely labelling it 'nazi'. Liam Hopkins says 'if we understand that PragerU, Jordan Peterson, Ben Shapiro et al are nazis.' One possible action against the nazis, 'disabling the suggestion feature'. [Silencing, Holocaust Denial, Dennis Prager, Ben Shapiro, Tech Bias, Cancel Culture]
May 1, 2019 ~ FBI arrests man who has been making credible death threats against Ben Shapiro. The threats were called 'extremely serious'. [Violent Left, Ben Shapiro]
Apr 17, 2019 ~ Ben Shapiro article, 'Criticism of Ilhan Omar Isn't Incitement' 'Speech is not violence - and violence is not speech. Equating the two is the hallmark of a tyrannical worldview: If I can treat your speech as violence, then I am justified in using violence to suppress your speech' [Lawfare, Russia Hoax, Fake News, Omar, Ben Shapiro]
Apr 11, 2019 ~ AOC goes even farther than saying Omar should be immune from criticism. 'First they came for?' Ben Shapiro says, 'there's something deeply disturbing about AOC making Holocaust references to defend an open and unrepentant anti-Semite who is merely being criticized.' [Holocaust Denial, Silencing, For the record, it’s Congresswoman Ocasio-Cortez, Omar, Ben Shapiro]
Mar 19, 2019 ~ Ben Shapiro article 'How the West Changed the World for the Better' The West is 'is responsible for the vast majority of human gains in history. Thanks to the West, billions of human beings no longer suffer in abject poverty' Brought us democracy, individualism. Against tribalism [Western Civilization, Ben Shapiro]
Mar 14, 2019 ~ The Left also attempts to blame the NZ Mosque shooting on those who call out Anti-Semitism and speak out against radical Islam. Ben Shapiro replies 'Radical Islam is dangerous.' 'Anti-Semitism is ugly'. Speaking out against real problems is not the cause of massacres. [Guns-Mass Shootings, Islam, Racism, Terrorism, Fake News, Ben Shapiro]
Jan 28, 2019 ~ High School debaters lose round after quoting Ben Shapiro, Jordan Peterson - debate judge says Shapiro and Peterson are 'white supremacists' which is totally false. 'Shut the fuck up' says racist debate partner who won't debate white people. [Racism, Fake Racism, Ben Shapiro]
Jan 18, 2019 ~ Flyers with Ben Shapiro's face X'ed out in red saying 'Get Security' were distributed around the campus of George Washington University failed to discourage a conservative youth organization from hosting Shapiro - petrified of free speech [Violent Left, Silencing, Ben Shapiro]